Rebar Lap Splice Calculator - ACI 318 Development Length Tool
Accurately calculate rebar lap splice lengths and development lengths with this ACI 318-19 compliant tool. Determine tension development length (ld), Class A & Class B splices, standard hook lengths (ldh), and compression splices for any bar size and grade.
Features advanced inputs for top bars, epoxy coating, lightweight concrete, stirrup confinement (Ktr), bundle bars, and seismic design categories. Includes visual splice diagrams, full factor breakdown, comparison table for all bar sizes, and export tools. Critical for ensuring proper lap lengths and code compliance in reinforced concrete design.
Rebar Lap Splice Length Calculator
Full ACI 318-19 tension & compression splice lengths with all 5 modification factors, Ktr confinement, Class A vs B classification, seismic warnings, and hook development. Free. No subscription.
Bar & Material Properties
⌄Splice Conditions
⌄Modification Factors (ACI §25.4.2.5)
⌄Cover & Confinement (cb + Ktr)
⌄Advanced Options
⌄✎ Live Results
| Bar | db (in) | ld (in) | Class B (in) | Class A (in) | ×db (Class B) | Hook ldh (in) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enter inputs to generate table | ||||||
| Based on current f’c, fy, ψt, ψe settings. Minimum ld = 12 in per ACI §25.5.2.1. Calculations for preliminary estimation only. | ||||||
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Rebar Lap Splice Length Calculator — Complete User Guide
Everything you need to correctly calculate lap splice length for reinforcing steel — ACI 318-19, Eurocode 2, tension, compression, beams, columns, slabs, and footings. Includes all five modification factors, Ktr confinement, seismic zone warnings, and hook anchorage development length.
What Is a Rebar Lap Splice & Why Does Length Matter?
In reinforced concrete (RCC) construction, individual rebars come in fixed lengths — typically 20 feet (6 m) or 40 feet (12 m). When structural members — beams, columns, slabs, walls, and footings — require continuity beyond a single bar length, engineers use a lap splice (also called a lapping connection) to transfer tensile or compressive forces between two bars by overlapping them side by side within the concrete.
The lap splice length (lst) is the minimum overlap distance required so that bond strength between the deformed steel bar and surrounding concrete can transfer the full yield stress (fy) without bar pullout or splitting failure. Too short a splice compromises structural integrity; too long wastes reinforcing steel and increases project cost.
This free online rebar lap splice estimator implements the full ACI 318-19 §25.5.2 equation — including all five modification factors (ψt, ψe, ψs, ψg, λ) and the Ktr confinement term — to produce code-compliant splice lengths for any bar size, grade, concrete strength, or exposure condition, in both imperial (inches/psi) and metric (mm/MPa) units.
Types of Splices in Reinforced Concrete Design
| Splice Type | How It Works | Best For | ACI Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lap splice (tension) | Two bars overlap; force transfers through bond | Slabs, beams, walls, footings | §25.5.2 |
| Lap splice (compression) | Direct bearing + bond; shorter formula | Column bars, compression zones | §25.5.5 |
| Mechanical coupler | Proprietary threaded or swaged coupler device | Congested areas, seismic zones, bars > #11 | §26.6.2 |
| Welded splice | Full-penetration butt weld transfers full fy | High-strength, large diameter bars | §26.6.3 |
| Hooked anchorage (dowel) | Standard 90° or 180° hook at bar end | Foundation dowels, column bases | §25.4.3 |
Key User Pain Points & How This Calculator Solves Them
Step-by-Step User Guide
Follow these seven steps in order. The calculator updates live after every input change — you don't need to press a Calculate button.
Set Units, Design Code & Rebar Standard
Units toggle
Click Imperial (in / psi) for US construction or Metric (mm / MPa) for Canada, UK, EU, and most international projects. All inputs, outputs, and the full splice table switch automatically — no manual conversion needed.
Design code
- ACI 318-19 — recommended; current US/Canadian standard. Includes ψg grade factor.
- ACI 318-14 — legacy US code; omits ψg. Use for comparison or when project documents reference this edition.
- Eurocode 2 (EN 1992-1-1) — UK, EU, and countries adopting EN standards. Uses lb,req and α coefficients.
- BS 8110-1 — UK legacy standard; retained for older project reviews.
Rebar standard
- US ASTM A615 / A706: #3 through #11 (Grade 40 to Grade 100)
- Metric SI: 10M through 35M (Canadian metric rebar designation)
- UK/EU: T10 through T40 (BS 4449 / EN 10080)
Enter Bar & Material Properties
Define Splice Conditions
Stress condition: Tension vs. Compression
This is the most fundamental choice in the calculator:
- Tension — applies to bars in slabs, beams, walls, and the tension face of any flexural member. The ACI §25.4.2.4a general equation is used. This is the most common condition on construction sites.
- Compression — applies to column longitudinal bars and bars in compression zones. The ACI §25.5.5 formula is simpler (shorter lengths), but the calculator will automatically switch the formula display and output panel accordingly.
Splice class: A vs. B
The class multiplier applied to ld to get the final splice length:
- Class B (1.3 × ld) — Safe default for nearly all site conditions. Required when more than 50% of bars are spliced at the same cross-section, or when As,provided / As,required < 2.0.
- Class A (1.0 × ld) — Only permitted when ≤ 50% of bars are spliced at the same location AND the provided steel area is at least double the required area. Permits shorter overlap distance but is rarely achievable in practice.
- Auto-classify — Enter your actual percentage of bars spliced and the As ratio; the calculator determines the governing class.
Member type
Selecting the member type (Slab, Beam, Column, Wall, Foundation/Footing) auto-fills the standard ACI cover defaults from Table 20.6.1.3, saving manual lookup:
| Member | Default Clear Cover (Imperial) | Default Clear Cover (Metric) | ACI Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Slab | ¾ in (min) → 2 in typical | 50 mm typical | Table 20.6.1.3.1 |
| Beam / Girder | 1.5 in | 38 mm | Table 20.6.1.3.1 |
| Column | 1.5 in | 38 mm | Table 20.6.1.3.1 |
| Wall (interior) | 2 in | 50 mm | Table 20.6.1.3.1 |
| Foundation / Footing | 3 in | 75 mm | Table 20.6.1.3.3 |
Seismic Design Category (SDC)
Select SDC A/B (standard), C (intermediate), D, E, or F (high seismic zones). For SDC D through F, the calculator shows a red ACI §18.7.4 seismic warning: lap splices are not permitted in potential plastic hinge zones. Class B is automatically enforced. The correct detailing solution in seismic zones is Type 2 mechanical couplers or full-penetration welded splices outside hinge zones.
Set Modification Factors (ACI §25.4.2.5)
ACI 318-19 applies five individual modification factors to ld. Each is explained below. The calculator shows live values for all five in the results panel.
1.0 — All other bars (bottom, side)
Tip: Check the "Top bar" box if your bars are in the top of a pour, e.g. top steel in a continuous beam or top mat in a slab.
1.2 — Epoxy, cover ≥ 3db
1.0 — Uncoated, galvanized, stainless
ψt × ψe capped at 1.7 per ACI.
1.0 — #7 to #11 bars
Auto-calculated from bar size selection.
1.0 — Grade 60 (fy = 60 ksi)
1.15 — Grade 75 / 80
1.3 — Grade 100
Missing from ACI 318-14 and most free tools!
0.85 — Sand-lightweight
0.75 — All-lightweight
Reduces effective √f'c in bond equation.
Set Cover & Confinement (cb + Ktr)
Clear cover
Enter the perpendicular distance from the nearest concrete face to the surface of the spliced bar (not the stirrup or tie — the main bar itself). Clear cover is auto-filled when you select a member type. You can override it for non-standard conditions such as marine exposure or fire-rated assemblies.
Bar center-to-center spacing
Enter the center-to-center spacing between adjacent spliced bars. This feeds into the cb calculation alongside clear cover:
Ktr — Transverse reinforcement index
Ktr quantifies the confining effect of stirrups or ties that cross the potential splitting failure plane between bars. Two modes are available:
- Ktr = 0 (simplified, recommended) — Conservative but ACI-permitted even when transverse steel is present. Eliminates the need to know stirrup details at splicing. Use this for preliminary design and estimating.
- Detailed mode — Enter Atr (total transverse bar area crossing the split plane, in²), stirrup spacing s (in), and n (number of bars in the split plane). The calculator computes Ktr = 40Atr / (s × n) and applies the (cb + Ktr) / db ≤ 2.5 cap.
Advanced Options (Optional)
Click the Advanced Options card to expand these less-common but important inputs:
Mixed bar-size splice (§25.5.1.3)
When splicing two bars of different sizes (e.g. #6 to #8 for a section change), enable this toggle and select the second bar size. The governing length is:
lst = max( ld of larger bar, lst of smaller bar )
Bundled bars (§25.6.1.3)
- Single bar: no adjustment
- 2-bar bundle: ld × 1.20
- 3-bar bundle: ld × 1.33
Fire rating & exposure
Fire exposure requires increased cover per ACI 216.1 / IBC Table 722. The exposure selector (Interior / Exposed to weather / In contact with ground) serves as a design reminder — verify final cover against the governing fire-rating table for your project's occupancy and rating.
Compression confinement (ψr)
In compression mode, check the spiral/tie box to apply ψr = 0.75, reducing the compression development length ldc by 25% per ACI §25.5.5.2. This applies when closely spaced spiral reinforcement or ties surround the bar through the full splice zone.
Read the Live Results Panel
Primary outputs
| Output Label | Meaning | Units | ACI Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Development length ld | Base tension development length before splice class multiplier | in / mm | §25.4.2.4 |
| Class B splice lst | Governing splice length for most field conditions (1.3 × ld) | in / mm | §25.5.2 |
| Class A splice lst | Reduced splice where area ratio ≥ 2.0 and ≤ 50% bars spliced | in / mm | §25.5.2 |
| Governing splice | The controlling length for your specified class | in / mm | §25.5.2 |
| In bar diameters (× db) | Splice length expressed as a multiple of bar diameter — useful for field marking | dimensionless | — |
| Hook development ldh | Standard 90° hook development length for foundation dowels and anchorage | in / mm | §25.4.3 |
Exporting results
- Copy button — Copies a plain-text summary of all key lengths to your clipboard.
- Print button — Opens the browser print dialog. Input fields and presets are hidden in print layout for a clean report.
- CSV download — Downloads a spreadsheet with development length, Class A, Class B, and hook length for all nine bar sizes (#3–#11) at the current material and factor settings. Ideal for quantity takeoff and rebar estimating in Excel.
- Share URL — Encodes your key inputs (bar size, grade, f'c, cover, coating, SDC) into a shareable link so colleagues can review or verify the same calculation.
Formulas Used for All Result Calculations
All calculations in this calculator implement the verbatim ACI 318-19 equations. Each formula is shown below with unit annotations and the variable definitions required to reproduce any result by hand.
Formula 1 — Tension Development Length (ACI 318-19 §25.4.2.4a)
This is the core formula. It computes the base tension development length ld, from which splice lengths are derived.
Cap: (cb + Ktr) / db ≤ 2.5 (ACI §25.4.2.4).
Cap: ψt × ψe ≤ 1.7 (ACI §25.4.2.5).
All units: fy and f'c in psi; db, cb, Ktr, and ld in inches.
Variable definitions
| Symbol | Definition | Units | Typical Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| fy | Specified yield strength of reinforcing steel | psi (MPa) | 60,000 psi (414 MPa) |
| f'c | Specified compressive strength of concrete | psi (MPa) | 4,000 psi (27.6 MPa) |
| λ | Lightweight concrete modification factor | dimensionless | 1.0 (normal weight) |
| ψt | Casting position factor | dimensionless | 1.0 or 1.3 |
| ψe | Epoxy/coating factor | dimensionless | 1.0, 1.2, or 1.5 |
| ψs | Bar size factor | dimensionless | 0.8 (#3–#6), 1.0 (#7–#11) |
| ψg | Reinforcement grade factor (new in ACI 318-19) | dimensionless | 1.0 (Grade 60) |
| cb | Smaller of: cover to bar center or half bar spacing | in (mm) | Depends on cover + spacing |
| Ktr | Transverse reinforcement index = 40Atr / (s·n) | in (mm) | 0 (simplified) |
| db | Nominal diameter of spliced bar | in (mm) | 0.625 in (#5) |
Worked example — #5 bar, Grade 60, f'c = 4,000 psi, normal conditions
ψt = 1.0, ψe = 1.0, ψs = 0.8, ψg = 1.0, λ = 1.0
cover = 1.5 in, spacing = 6 in, Ktr = 0
cb = min(1.5 + 0.625/2, 6/2) = min(1.8125, 3.0) = 1.8125 in
(cb + Ktr)/db = (1.8125 + 0)/0.625 = 2.90 → capped at 2.5
ld = [3 × 60,000 / (40 × 1.0 × √4,000)] × [(1.0 × 1.0 × 0.8 × 1.0) / 2.5] × 0.625
ld = [180,000 / (40 × 63.25)] × [0.8 / 2.5] × 0.625
ld = [180,000 / 2,530] × 0.32 × 0.625
ld = 71.15 × 0.32 × 0.625 = 14.2 in
Class B splice: lst = 1.3 × 14.2 = 18.5 in
Class A splice: lst = 1.0 × 14.2 = 14.2 in
Formula 2 — Transverse Reinforcement Index Ktr (ACI §25.4.2.4)
Constraint: (cb + Ktr) / db ≤ 2.5
s = center-to-center stirrup/tie spacing within the development length (in).
n = number of bars or wires being developed or spliced along the plane of splitting.
Setting Ktr = 0 is always conservative and ACI-permitted even when transverse steel is present.
Ktr Worked Example
Two #5 bars (n = 2) with #3 stirrups (Atr = 0.22 in²/leg × 2 legs = 0.44 in²) at s = 6 in spacing:
(cb + Ktr) / db = (1.8125 + 1.47) / 0.625 = 3.26/0.625 = 5.25 → capped at 2.5
Formula 3 — Standard Hook Development Length ldh (ACI §25.4.3)
Hook tail lengths: 90° hook tail = 12·db | 180° hook tail = max(4·db, 2.5 in)
ψr = confining reinforcement factor (0.8 when ≥ 3 ties enclose hook)
ψo = location factor (0.8 when side cover ≥ 2.5 in and for 90° hooks, cover ≥ 2 in)
ψc = concrete factor (0.8 for f'c ≥ 6,000 psi)
The calculator uses simplified default factors ψr = ψo = ψc = 0.8 for the hook result.
The hook development length (ldh) is used for foundation dowels, column-to-footing connections, beam-column joints, and any bar termination where a standard 90° or 180° standard hook provides anchorage. It is shorter than the straight bar development length because the hook bend provides mechanical bearing against the concrete.
Formula 4 — Compression Splice Length lsc (ACI §25.5.5)
For fy ≤ 60,000 psi: lsc = max( 0.0005·fy·db , 12 in )
For fy > 60,000 psi: lsc = max( (0.0009·fy − 0.24)·db , 12 in )
Compression lap splices are NOT permitted for bars larger than #11 (db > 35.8 mm).
fy in psi, db in inches, f'c in psi, lsc in inches.
Compression splice example — #8 column bar, Grade 60, f'c = 5,000 psi, no confinement
ldc = max( 0.02 × 1.0 × 60,000 × 1.0 / √5,000 , 0.0003 × 60,000 × 1.0 , 8 )
ldc = max( 1200/70.71 , 18 , 8 ) = max( 16.97 , 18 , 8 ) = 18.0 in
lsc = max( 0.0005 × 60,000 × 1.0 , 12 ) = max( 30 , 12 ) = 30.0 in
Formula 5 — Splice Class & Minimum Length Requirements (ACI §25.5.2)
Class B splice: lst = 1.3 × ld (minimum 12 in)
Class A permitted when:
(a) As,provided / As,required ≥ 2.0
AND
(b) ≤ 50% of bars spliced within required lap length
In seismic zones SDC D/E/F, Class B is the minimum within the splice zone — and plastic hinge zones prohibit lap splices entirely.
The 12 in (305 mm) minimum is an absolute ACI floor — never specify a shorter overlap even if the formula yields less.
Splice Geometry Diagrams
Rebar Properties & Typical Splice Length Reference Table
The following reference table shows ASTM A615 deformed bar properties and typical Class B tension splice lengths under standard conditions (Grade 60, f'c = 4,000 psi, normal weight concrete, uncoated, bottom bar, Ktr = 0, cover = 1.5 in, spacing = 6 in). Use the live calculator for any other combination.
| Bar # | db (in) | db (mm) | Ab (in²) | Ab (mm²) | ld (in) | Class B (in) | Class A (in) | Hook ldh (in) | × db |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #3 | 0.375 | 9.5 | 0.11 | 71 | 12.0 | 15.6 | 12.0 | 9.0 | 41.6× |
| #4 | 0.500 | 12.7 | 0.20 | 129 | 12.0 | 15.6 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 31.2× |
| #5 | 0.625 | 15.9 | 0.31 | 200 | 14.2 | 18.5 | 14.2 | 14.3 | 29.6× |
| #6 | 0.750 | 19.1 | 0.44 | 284 | 17.1 | 22.2 | 17.1 | 17.2 | 29.6× |
| #7 | 0.875 | 22.2 | 0.60 | 387 | 27.5 | 35.8 | 27.5 | 20.1 | 40.9× |
| #8 | 1.000 | 25.4 | 0.79 | 510 | 31.5 | 41.0 | 31.5 | 22.9 | 41.0× |
| #9 | 1.128 | 28.7 | 1.00 | 645 | 35.5 | 46.2 | 35.5 | 25.9 | 40.9× |
| #10 | 1.270 | 32.3 | 1.27 | 819 | 40.0 | 52.0 | 40.0 | 29.2 | 40.9× |
| #11 | 1.410 | 35.8 | 1.56 | 1006 | 44.5 | 57.8 | 44.5 | 32.4 | 41.0× |
| Conditions: Grade 60 (fy = 60,000 psi), f'c = 4,000 psi, normal weight, uncoated, bottom bar (ψt=1.0), Ktr=0, cover=1.5 in, c-c=6 in. Highlighted rows (#7–#11): ψs=1.0 vs 0.8 for smaller bars. All values rounded to nearest 0.1 in. For other settings, use the live calculator. | |||||||||
Common Mistakes in Rebar Lap Splice Calculation
These are the most frequently seen errors in field splice detailing and hand calculations. Each has a microcopy reminder built into the calculator.
Using ACI 318-14 formulas for Grade 80 or Grade 100 rebar misses the ψg = 1.15 or 1.3 multiplier — an error of 15–30% in required splice length.
Multiplying 1.3 × 1.5 = 1.95 without applying the ACI 1.7 cap produces a shorter splice than required — an unconservative result for top, epoxy-coated bars.
Specifying a Class A splice (1.0 × ld) without verifying that ≤ 50% of bars are spliced and As ratio ≥ 2.0 is a very common drawing error.
Applying 1.5 in beam cover to a foundation footing (which requires 3 in minimum per ACI Table 20.6.1.3.3) reduces cb and significantly underestimates required splice length.
Locating splices at beam mid-span (maximum positive moment) or at column ends (potential plastic hinge zones in seismic frames) violates both good practice and ACI §18.7.4.
ACI 318-19 §25.5.1.1 prohibits lap splices for #14 and #18 bars. Site instructions to "just lap it" for these bars result in non-compliant connections.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the minimum rebar lap splice length per ACI 318-19?
The absolute minimum tension lap splice length is 12 inches (305 mm) per ACI 318-19 §25.5.2.1, regardless of what the formula yields. For compression splices, the minimum is 8 inches (203 mm). In practice, calculated Class B splice lengths for Grade 60 bars typically range from 15 inches (#3 bars) to 58 inches (#11 bars) at standard conditions — well above the 12-inch floor.
What is the difference between development length ld and splice length lst?
Development length (ld) is the minimum embedment of a bar end into concrete needed to develop its full yield strength through bond — applicable when a bar terminates (e.g. into a footing or column). Splice length (lst) is the overlap required when two bars run side by side to transfer force from one bar to the other. The splice length equals 1.0 × ld (Class A) or 1.3 × ld (Class B) because two bar-concrete bond interfaces must work together at the splice.
Can I use this calculator for Canadian rebar lapping requirements?
Yes. Canadian reinforced concrete design follows CSA A23.3, which is closely harmonized with ACI 318. The development length equations in CSA A23.3-19 are equivalent to ACI 318-19 §25.4 for standard deformed bars. Select ACI 318-19 with metric units and the Metric SI rebar standard (10M–35M) for Canadian-metric projects. For projects in Canada using imperial bar sizes, select the US ASTM A615 standard.
How do I calculate lap splice length for spiral reinforcement or columns?
For column longitudinal bars in compression: select Compression in the stress condition dropdown. The calculator switches to the ACI §25.5.5 compression formula and shows ldc (compression development length) and lsc (compression splice length). If the column has closely spaced spiral reinforcement meeting ACI §25.5.5.2, check the confinement box in Advanced Options — this applies ψr = 0.75 and reduces ldc by 25%.
What is the lap splice length for a #5 bar in a slab?
Under standard conditions (Grade 60, f'c = 4,000 psi, normal weight concrete, uncoated, bottom bar, 2-inch slab cover): ld ≈ 12 in, Class B splice ≈ 15.6 in. However, actual values depend on bar spacing, cover, and whether the bars are in the top or bottom mat. Use the Residential Slab preset in the calculator for a quick result, then adjust cover and spacing for your specific drawings.
How does epoxy-coated rebar affect the required splice length?
Epoxy coating reduces the bar-to-concrete bond strength because the smooth coating layer impedes chemical adhesion. ACI 318-19 §25.4.2.5 accounts for this with the ψe factor: ψe = 1.5 when the side cover is less than 3db (the common site condition), or ψe = 1.2 when cover ≥ 3db and c-c spacing ≥ 6db. This means epoxy-coated bars may require up to 50% more splice length than equivalent uncoated bars — a significant cost impact on epoxy-intensive projects.
Can I get a PDF or Excel export of the splice table?
Yes — two ways: (1) Use the CSV download button to export the full bar-size splice table with all nine bar sizes to a .csv file, which opens directly in Excel, Google Sheets, or any spreadsheet app. (2) Use the Print button and select "Save as PDF" in your browser's print dialog — the layout is optimized for print output with input controls hidden. A dedicated PDF export button is on the roadmap for a future update.
What does the (cb + Ktr)/db ≤ 2.5 cap mean, and why does it matter?
The term (cb + Ktr)/db represents the confinement level around the bar — higher values mean better confinement and a shorter required development length. ACI 318-19 §25.4.2.4 caps this term at 2.5 because experimental data shows that beyond this level, additional confinement does not further reduce the risk of bond failure (the controlling mode shifts from splitting to bar pullout). This means increasing cover or adding more stirrups beyond a certain point provides no further benefit in reducing splice length — a practical point for design optimization.
What is the maximum permitted lap splice length?
ACI 318-19 does not specify a maximum splice length — longer splices are always structurally conservative. However, from a constructability and economy standpoint, excessively long splices create bar congestion, increase rebar quantity and cost, and can complicate concrete placement. The governing practical limits are usually set by the contractor or project specifications to avoid placing unnecessary steel. For very long computed lengths (typically #9–#11 bars in high-seismic zones), mechanical couplers are often more economical than lap splices.
Is this calculator suitable for structural engineering design and submittal?
This calculator produces results that correctly implement ACI 318-19 §25.4 and §25.5 formulas for preliminary design, estimation, quantity takeoff, and code reference. For final construction documents and structural engineering submittals, all lap splice lengths must be specified and stamped by a licensed Professional Engineer (PE) based on approved project drawings and the governing code edition. Use this tool to verify hand calculations, generate preliminary estimates, and communicate requirements to field crews — then have your PE confirm the final values on the structural drawings.
Accuracy Note & Design Disclaimer
Professional Engineering requirement: Results from this calculator are intended for preliminary design, estimation, code reference, field verification, and educational purposes. All final lap splice lengths specified in construction documents must be reviewed, calculated, and stamped by a licensed Professional Engineer (PE) using approved project-specific parameters and the applicable code edition. The authors and SteelSolver.com accept no liability for errors in structural design arising from use of this tool.
What Makes This Calculator More Accurate Than Most Free Tools
| Feature | This Calculator | Typical Free Tools |
|---|---|---|
| ψg grade factor (ACI 318-19) | ✅ Included | ❌ Usually missing |
| ψt × ψe cap at 1.7 | ✅ Enforced | ❌ Often ignored |
| Ktr confinement term | ✅ Full equation | ⚠️ Simplified or omitted |
| Seismic SDC D/E/F warning | ✅ ACI §18.7.4 | ❌ Usually absent |
| Compression splice formula | ✅ §25.5.5 | ⚠️ Often uses tension formula |
| Hook development ldh | ✅ §25.4.3 | ❌ Usually not included |
| Mixed bar-size splice | ✅ §25.5.1.3 | ❌ Not available |
| Bundle multiplier (§25.6.1.3) | ✅ 2 and 3-bar bundles | ❌ Not available |
| Eurocode 2 / BS 8110 support | ✅ Code selector | ❌ ACI only |
| CSV / print export | ✅ Full table export | ⚠️ Rarely available |
